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The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, eastern, central, and western Asia, northwestern China, and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family.〔(Turkic people ), Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition, 2010〕 They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term ''Turkic'' represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of peoples including existing societies such as the Turkish people, Azerbaijanis, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyz, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauz, Altai, Khakas, Tuvans, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Balkars, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as Yenisei Kirghiz, Dingling, Tiele, Chuban, Pannonian Avars, Göktürks, Bulgars, Kumans, Kipchaks, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids, Khiljis, and possibly Huns, Xiongnu, Wusun, Tauri and the Tuoba.〔〔Pritsak O. & Golb. N: ''Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century'', Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.〕〔"(Timur )", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–05, Columbia University Press.〕〔Encyclopædia Britannica article: (Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids ), Online Edition, 2007.〕 ==Etymology== The first known mention of the term ''Turk'' (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 Türük〔(Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG ) Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments〕〔(Bilge Kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG ) Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments〕 or 𐰜𐰇𐰛 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 Kök Türük〔〔 or 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰛 Türük,〔(Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG ) Bain Tsokto Monument〕 (中国語:突厥), Old Tibetan: duruggu/durgu (meaning "''origin''"),〔(Tarihte Türk devletleri, Volume 1. ) Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1987. page 1.〕〔Moše Weinfeld. (Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East. ) 1995. page 66: "''For the concept of durgu | duruggu and its connection to piY (in its meaning "origin"), see H. Tadmor, (above n. 25), p. 28, n.''"〕 Pinyin: Tūjué, Middle Chinese (Guangyun): ) applied to a Turkic group was in reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century. A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=新亞研究所 – 典籍資料庫 )〕 The Orhun inscriptions (735 CE) use the terms ''Turk'' and ''Turuk''. Previous use of similar terms are of unknown significance, although some strongly feel that they are evidence of the historical continuity of the term and the people as a linguistic unit since early times. This includes Chinese records Spring and Autumn Annals referring to a neighbouring people as Beidi.〔(The Turkmen )〕 During the first century CE., Pomponius Mela refers to the "Turcae" in the forests north of the Sea of Azov, and Pliny the Elder lists the "Tyrcae" among the people of the same area.〔PLINY “Natural History” – Harvard University Press, vol. II (Libri III-VII); Reprinted 1961, P.351〕〔Pomponius Mela's Description of the World,Pomponius Mela, University of Michigan Press, 1998, p.67〕〔Sevan Nişanyan, Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü, İstanbul, 2009 ISBN 9789752896369〕〔Abdulkadir İnan, Urartu yazıtında ve Romalı Plinius'un tarihinde «Türk Adı» var mı? Belleten, TTK, Cilt. XlI, S. 45, 1948, s. 277 – 278〕〔dile Ayda, Une Theorle Sur L'Orlglne Du Mot «Türk», «Türk» kelimesinin Menşei Hakkında Bir Nazariye, TTK, Belleten. Cilt. XL., No. 158, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Nisan 1976, s. 229 – 247〕〔Hamit Koşay, ldil – Ural bölgesindeki Türkler'In Menşei Hakkında, V. Türk Tarih Kongresi: 12–17 Nisan 1956, TTK. Basımevi. Ankara 1960. s. 232–243〕〔Laszlo Rasonyi, Dünya'da Türklük, Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları. Ayyıldız Matbaası, Ankara 1974〕〔Prof. Dr. Ercümend Kuran, Türk Adı ve Türklük Kavramı, Türk Kültürü Dergisi, Yıl, XV, S. 174, Nisan 1977. s. 18–20.〕 There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names could be the original form of "Türk/Türük" such as ''Togarma'', ''Turukha''/''Turuška'', ''Turukku'' and so on. But the information gap is so substantial that we cannot firmly connect these ancient people to the modern Turks.〔Boris Altschüler. (Die Aschkenasim: Letzte Skythen, erste Europäer – von den zehn verschollenen Stämmen Israels zu den Awaren und Khasaren / Boris Altschüler, Volume 1. ) 2006. page 192: "''Das Ethnonym "Turk" wird mit dem von Herodot überlieferten Namen des ersten skythischen Königs () oder auch mit dem Namen des Ahnherrn "Togarma" aus dem Alten Testament, mit "Turukha/Turuska" aus indischen Quellen und "Turukku" aus assyrischen Dokumenten und anderen schriftlichen Denkmälern in Verbindung gebracht.''" (P. Golden)〕〔Peter B. Golden, Introduction to the History of the Turkic People, p.12: "''... source (Herod.IV.22) and otber authors of antiquity,5 Togarma of the Old Testament, Turukha /Turuska of Indic sources, Turukku of Assyrian ...''"〕〔German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p.90〕 Turkologist András Róna-Tas posits that the term ''Turk'' could be rooted in the East Iranian Saka language〔András Róna-Tas, Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history, Central European University Press, 1999, p.281: "''We can now reconstruct the history of the ethnic name Turk as follows. The word is of East Iranian, most probably Saka, origin, and is the name of a ruling tribe whose leading clan Ashina conquered the Turks, reorganized them, but itself became rapidly Turkified.''"〕 or in Turkic.〔Golden, Peter B. "Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples". (2006) In: (Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World ). Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. p.143: "''Subsequently, “Tùrk“ would find a suirable Turkic etymology, being conflated with the word tùrk, which means one in the prime of youth, powerful, mighty (Rona-Tas 1991,10–13).''"〕 However, it is generally accepted that the term "Türk" is ultimately derived from the Old-Turkic migration-term〔(Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, pp.17〕 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 "''Türük''" or "''Törük''",〔〔Murat Ocak, The Turks: Early ages, Yeni Türkiye, 2002〕 which means "''created''", "''born''",〔Faruk Suümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p.16)〕 or "''strong''",〔American Heritage Dictionary (2000). ("The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"" ). bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-12-07.〕 from the Old Turkic word root '' *türi-''/''töri-'' ("tribal root, (mythic) ancestry; take shape, to be born, be created, arise, spring up") and conjugated with Old Turkic suffix 𐰰 (''-ik''), perhaps from Proto-Turkic '' *türi-k'' ("lineage, ancestry"),〔(“Türk” ) in ''Turkish Etymological Dictionary'', Sevan Nişanyan.〕 from the Proto-Turkic word root '' *töŕ'' ("foundation, root; origin, ancestors"),〔(“türe-” ) in ''Turkish Etymological Dictionary'', Sevan Nişanyan.〕〔(“ *töŕ” ) in Sergei Starostin, Vladimir Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003), Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.〕 possibly from a Proto-Altaic source '' *t`ŏ̀ŕe'' ("law, regulation").〔(“ *t`ŏ̀ŕe” ) in Sergei Starostin, Vladimir Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003), Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.〕 This etymological concept is also related to Old Turkic word stems 'tür' ("root, ancestry, race, kind of, sort of"), 'türi-' ("to bring together, to collect"), 'törü' ("law, custom") and 'töz' ("substance").〔 Narrated Abu Huraira: A companion of Muhammad. Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Turks; people with small eyes, red faces, and flat noses. Their faces will look like shields coated with leather. The Hour will not be established till you fight with people whose shoes are made of hair."〔http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/bukhari/bh4/bh4_180.htm〕 The Chinese Book of Zhou (7th century) presents an etymology of the name ''Turk'' as derived from "helmet", explaining that taken this name refers to the shape of the Altai Mountains. According to Persian tradition, as reported by 11th-century ethnographer Mahmud of Kashgar and various other traditional Islamic scholars and historians, the name "Turk" stems from ''Tur'', one of the sons of Japheth (see Turan). During the Middle Ages, various Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe were subsumed under the identity of the "Scythians".〔G. Moravcsik, ''"Byzantinoturcica"'' II, p. 236–39〕 Between 400 CE and the 16th century, Byzantine sources use the name Σκύθαι (''Skuthai'') in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples.〔 In the modern Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a distinction is made between "Turks" and the "Turkic peoples" in loosely speaking: the term ''Türk'' corresponds specifically to the "Turkish-speaking" people (in this context, "Turkish-speaking" is considered the same as "Turkic-speaking"), while the term ''Türki'' refers generally to the people of modern "Turkic Republics" (''Türki Cumhuriyetler'' or ''Türk Cumhuriyetleri''). However, the proper usage of the term is based on the linguistic classification in order to avoid any political sense. In short, the term ''Türki'' can be used for ''Türk'' or vice versa.〔Jean-Paul Roux, "''Historie des Turks – Deux mille ans du Pacifique á la Méditerranée''". Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2000.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkic peoples」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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